There never was, and never will be, an offering on the part of a pure creature greater or more perfect than that which Mary made to God when, at the age of three years, She presented Herself in the temple to offer Him, … Her entire self, consecrating Herself as a perpetual victim in His honor.

Saint Alphonsus Liguori (1696-1787), Doctor of the Church, Feast of the Presentation of Mary in the Temple, November 21

Contents of Christian Doctrine.

Preface, Showing the Utility of the Treatise on Christian Doctrine.

Book I.

Containing a General View of the Subjects Treated in Holy Scripture.

The author divides his work into two parts, one relating to the discovery, the other to the expression, of the true sense of Scripture. He shows that to discover the meaning we must attend both to things and to signs, as it is necessary to know what things we ought to teach to the Christian people, and also the signs of these things, that is, where the knowledge of these things is to be sought. In this first book he treats of things, which he divides into three classes,–things to be enjoyed, things to be used, and things which use and enjoy. The only object which ought to be enjoyed is the Triune God, who is our highest good and our true happiness. We are prevented by our sins from enjoying God; and that our sins might be taken away, “The Word was made Flesh,” our Lord suffered, and died, and rose again, and ascended into heaven, taking to Himself as his bride the Church, in which we receive remission of our sins. And if our sins are remitted and our souls renewed by grace, we may await with hope the resurrection of the body to eternal glory; if not, we shall be raised to everlasting punishment. These matters relating to faith having been expounded, the author goes on to show that all objects, except God, are for use; for, though some of them may be loved, yet our love is not to rest in them, but to have reference to God. And we ourselves are not objects of enjoyment to God: he uses us, but for our own advantage. He then goes on to show that love–the love of God for His own sake and the love of our neighbor for God’s sake–is the fulfillment and the end of all Scripture. After adding a few words about hope, he shows, in conclusion, that faith, hope, and love are graces essentially necessary for him who would understand and explain aright the Holy Scriptures.

Book II.

Having completed his exposition of things, the author now proceeds to discuss the subject of signs. He first defines what a sign is, and shows that there are two classes of signs, the natural and the conventional. Of conventional signs (which are the only class here noticed), words are the most numerous and important, and are those with which the interpreter of Scripture is chiefly concerned. The difficulties and obscurities of Scripture spring chiefly from two sources, unknown and ambiguous signs. The present book deals only with unknown signs, the ambiguities of language being reserved for treatment in the next book. The difficulty arising from ignorance of signs is to be removed by learning the Greek and Hebrew languages, in which Scripture is written, by comparing the various translations, and by attending to the context. In the interpretation of figurative expressions, knowledge of things is as necessary as knowledge of words; and the various sciences and arts of the heathen, so far as they are true and useful, may be turned to account in removing our ignorance of signs, whether these be direct or figurative. Whilst exposing the folly and futility of many heathen superstitions and practices, the author points out how all that is sound and useful in their science and philosophy may be turned to a Christian use. And in conclusion, he shows the spirit in which it behoves us to address ourselves to the study and interpretation of the sacred books.

Book III.

The author, having discussed in the preceding book the method of dealing with unknown signs, goes on in this third book to treat of ambiguous signs. Such signs may be either direct or figurative. In the case of direct signs ambiguity may arise from the punctuation, the pronunciation, or the doubtful signification of the words, and is to be resolved by attention to the context, a comparison of translations, or a reference to the original tongue. In the case of figurative signs we need to guard against two mistakes:–1. the interpreting literal expressions figuratively; 2. the interpreting figurative expressions literally. The author lays down rules by which we may decide whether an expression is literal or figurative; the general rule being, that whatever can be shown to be in its literal sense inconsistent either with purity of life or correctness of doctrine must be taken figuratively. He then goes on to lay down rules for the interpretation of expressions which have been proved to be figurative; the general principle being, that no interpretation can be true which does not promote the love of God and the love of man. The author then proceeds to expound and illustrate the seven rules of Tichonius the Donatist, which he commends to the attention of the student of Holy Scripture.

Book IV.

Passing to the second part of his work, that which treats of expression, the author premises that it is no part of his intention to write a treatise on the laws of rhetoric. These can be learned elsewhere, and ought not to be neglected, being indeed specially necessary for the Christian teacher, whom it behoves to excell in eloquence and power of speech. After detailing with much care and minuteness the various qualities of an orator, he recommends the authors of the Holy Scriptures as the best models of eloquence, far excelling all others in the combination of eloquence with wisdom. He points out that perspicuity is the most essential quality of style, and ought to be cultivated with especial care by the teacher, as it is the main requisite for instruction, although other qualities are required for delighting and persuading the hearer. All these gifts are to be sought in earnest prayer from God, though we are not to forget to be zealous and diligent in study. He shows that there are three species of style,–the subdued, the elegant, and the majestic; the first serving for instruction, the second for praise, and the third for exhortation: and of each of these he gives examples, selected both from Scripture and from early teachers of the Church, Cyprian and Ambrose. He shows that these various styles may be mingled, and when and for what purposes they are mingled; and that they all have the same end in view, to bring home the truth to the hearer, so that he may understand it, hear it with gladness, and practice it in his life. Finally, he exhorts the Christian teacher himself, pointing out the dignity and responsibility of the office he holds, to lead a life in harmony with his own teaching, and to show a good example to all.

Test

Chapter 18.–Of the Perfect Man, that Is, Christ; And of His Body, that Is, The Church, Which is His Fullness.

To understand what the apostle means when he says that we shall all
come to a perfect man, we must consider the connection of the whole
passage, which runs thus: “He that descended is the same also that
ascended up far above all heavens, that He might fill all things. And
He gave some, apostles; and some, prophets; and some, evangelists; and
some, pastors and teachers; for the perfecting of the saints, for the
work of the ministry, for the edifying of the body of Christ: till we
all come to the unity of the faith and knowledge of the Son of God, to
a perfect man, to the measure of the age of the fullness of Christ:
that we henceforth be no more children, tossed and carried about with
every wind of doctrine, by the sleight of men, and cunning craftiness,
whereby they lie in wait to deceive; but, speaking the truth in love,
may grow up in Him in all things, which is the Head, even Christ: from
whom the whole body fitly joined together and compacted by that which
every joint supplieth, according to the effectual working in the
measure of every part, maketh increase of the body, unto the edifying
of itself in love.” [1640] Behold what the perfect man is–the head
and the body, which is made up of all the members, which in their own
time shall be perfected. But new additions are daily being made to
this body while the Church is being built up, to which it is said, “Ye
are the body of Christ and His members;” [1641] and again, “For His
body’s sake,” he says, “which is the Church;” [1642] and again, “We
being many are one head, one body.” [1643] It is of the edification
of this body that it is here, too, said, “For the perfecting of the
saints, for the work of the ministry, for the edification of the body
of Christ;” and then that passage of which we are now speaking is
added, “Till we all come to the unity of the faith and knowledge of the
Son of God, to a perfect man, to the measure of the age of the fullness
of Christ,” and so on. And he shows of what body we are to understand
this to be the measure, when he says, “That we may grow up into Him in
all things, which is the Head, even Christ: from whom the whole body
fitly joined together and compacted by that which every joint
supplieth, according to the effectual working in the measure of every
part.” As, therefore, there is a measure of every part, so there is a
measure of the fullness of the whole body which is made up of all its
parts, and it is of this measure it is said, “To the measure of the age
of the fullness of Christ.” This fullness he spoke of also in the
place where he says of Christ, “And gave Him to be the Head over all
things to the Church, [1644] which is His body, the fullness of Him
that filleth all in all.” [1645] But even if this should be referred
to the form in which each one shall rise, what should hinder us from
applying to the woman what is expressly said of the man, understanding
both sexes to be included under the general term “man?” For certainly
in the saying, “Blessed is he who feareth the Lord,” [1646] women also
who fear the Lord are included.

[1640] Eph. iv. 10-16.

[1641] 1 Cor. xii. 27.

[1642] Col. i. 24.

[1643] 1 Cor. x. 17.

[1644] Another reading is, “Head over all the Church.”

[1645] Eph. i. 22, 23.

[1646] Ps. cxii. 1.

Be humble. Trust always and a great deal in divine Providence; never never must you let yourselves be discouraged, despite contrary winds. I say it again: trust in God and Mary Immaculate; be faithful and forge ahead!

Saint Paulina do Coração Agonizante de Jesus (1865-1942), Feast Day July 9